Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed

Leiva, Astrid; Méndez, Geovanna; Rodríguez, César; Molina, Andrea; Granados-Chinchilla, Fabio

doi:10.1186/s40550-019-0075-8

Food Safety and Risk

Table 4 Prevalence of mycotoxin contamination in agricultural commodities intended for animal consumption in Costa Rica

From: Chemical assessment of mycotoxin contaminants and veterinary residues in Costa Rican animal feed

Samples (n, counts)					Prevalence, %[Samples over limit of detection, (n)]	Minimum mycotoxin concentration ± U_x/x, μg kg^− 1	Maximum mycotoxin concentration ± U_x/x, μg kg^− 1
Concentration range^a, μg kg^− 1
x < LoD	x < 5	5 ≤ x < 10	10 ≤ x < 20	x ≥ 20
Aflatoxin B ₂
196	6	0	2	1	4.39 [9]	0.46 ± 0.06	22.39 ± 2.73
Aflatoxin G ₁
195	9	0	0	1	4.88 [10]	0.13 ± 0.01	22.95 ± 2.80
Aflatoxin B ₁
193	11	0	1	0	5.85 [12]	0.016 ± 0.002	12.61 ± 1.54
Aflatoxin G ₂
179	24	1	1	0	12.68 [26]	0.054 ± 0.007	19.14 ± 2.34
x < LoD	x < 250	250 ≤ x < 500	500 ≤ x < 1000	x ≥ 1000
β-zearalenol
202	1	0	1	1	1.46 [3]	228.03 ± 27.86	1900.62 ± 232.24
Nivalenol
199	5	0	0	1	2.93 [6]	16.71 ± 2.04	1202.75 ± 146.98
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol
186	11	3	3	1	8.78 [18]	1.88 ± 0.23	3236.56 ± 395.51
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol
186	16	3	0	0	9.27 [19]	1.74 ± 0.21	355.60 ± 43.45
α-zearalenol
183	20	1	1	0	10.73 [22]	0.25 ± 0.03	920.65 ± 112.50
Deoxynivalenol
180	24	1	0	0	12.20 [25]	0.20 ± 0.02	364.10 ± 44.49
Zearalenone
170	18	8	4	5	24.75 [35]	70.37 ± 80.60	6518.28 ± 796.54
x < LoD	50 < x	125 ≤ x < 250	250 ≤ x < 500	x ≥ 500
Fusarenone-X
203	0	0	0	2	0.98 [2]	64.49 ± 7.93	470.52 ± 57.99
Diacetoxyscirpenol
198	2	1	3	1	3.41 [7]	42.92 ± 5.25	1132.19 ± 138.34
Citrinin
197	8	0	0	0	3.90 [8]	0.34 ± 0.03	52.48 ± 6.41
x < LoD	5 < x	10 ≤ x < 25	25 ≤ x < 50	x ≥ 50
Patulin
203	0	0	0	2	0.98 [2]	56.65 ± 6.92	88.56 ± 10.82
Neosolaniol
201	0	0	1	3	1.95 [4]	49.52 ± 6.05	911.64 ± 111.39
Ochratoxin B
199	2	2	1	1	2.93 [6]	6.28 ± 0.77	180.50 ± 22.05
Ochratoxin A
184	3	3	4	11	10.24 [21]	3.64 ± 0.44	590.79 ± 72.19
x < LoD	x < 250	250 ≤ x < 500	500 ≤ x < 1000	x ≥ 1000
Sterigmatocystin
199	0	2	2	2	2.93 [6]	330.02 ± 40.32	1246.54 ± 152.32
Enniatin B ₁
190	15	0	0	0	7.32 [15]	0.16 ± 0.02	158.43 ± 19.36
T-2 toxin
187	17	1	0	0	8.78 [18]	1.67 ± 0.20	254.17 ± 31.06
HT-2 toxin
181	23	1	0	0	11.71 [24]	6.38 ± 0.78	303.22 ± 37.05
Enniatin B
174	5	11	10	5	15.12 [31]	143.11 ± 17.49	3566.81 ± 435.83
x < LoD	x < 1250	1250 ≤ x < 2500	2500 ≤ x < 5000	x ≥ 5000
Fumonisin B ₁
103	92	6	4	0	49.76 [102]	43.64 ± 5.33	4554.36 ± 556.36
Fumonisin B ₂
95	88	10	8	4	53.66 [110]	24.01 ± 2.93	8646.67 ± 1056.64

^aThresholds based on guidance values for mycotoxins in animal feeds within the European Union (Peng et al. 2018)

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